Focuses on international value chains, the geopolitics of sourcing (China, EU, US, Africa, Australia), export controls, “friend-shoring”, strategic reserves, price volatility, and market regulation.
KEY FIGURES:
Carbon Footprint: The war has resulted in significant greenhouse gas emissions, with estimates suggesting around 175 million tonnes of CO₂ equivalent in the first two years alone {1}.
Environmental Crimes: Over 8,000 environmental crimes have been recorded, with damages exceeding 85 billion euros {3}.
Forest Damage: Approximately 425,000 hectares of forests have been damaged or destroyed {1}.
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