Madagascar

Introduction Mangrove ecosystems, those intricate networks of salt-tolerant trees and shrubs lining tropical and subtropical coastlines, serve as critical buffers against climate change impacts. They not only store vast amounts of carbon but also support biodiversity, fisheries, and human livelihoods. However, widespread deforestation, pollution, and unsustainable development have degraded these habitats, with global losses accelerating vulnerability to sea-level rise and...